Christianity was introduced to Ethiopia in the 4th century, and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, known as Tewahdo, is one of the oldest organized Christian bodies globally. The church has held a prominent position in Ethiopian culture and politics, serving as the official religion of the ruling elite until the monarchy’s downfall in 1974. It has also preserved Ethiopia’s literary tradition and visual arts. While Christianity is primarily concentrated in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, its influence is felt throughout the country, with over two-fifths of Ethiopians following the teachings of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Additionally, about one-fifth of the population adheres to other Christian faiths, predominantly Protestant.

Islam was introduced in the 7th century and is now practiced by approximately one-third of Ethiopians. It holds particular significance in the outlying regions, especially the Eastern Lowlands, but there are Muslim communities across the country. Historically, Islam has not enjoyed equal status with Christianity. However, Haile Selassie I (reigned 1930–74) engaged with Muslim leaders and addressed their concerns, and the Derg regime (1974–91) made efforts to provide symbolic parity to both faiths. Nonetheless, the perception of Ethiopia as “an island of Christianity in a sea of Islam” persists among highland Ethiopians and foreigners. Some highlanders express concerns that fundamentalist Muslim movements in the region and neighboring countries may increase demands for a greater role of Islam in Ethiopia.

These traditionalists hold strong beliefs in the power and presence of these African deities in their daily lives. They perform rituals, ceremonies, and sacrifices to honor and communicate with these spiritual beings. For them, these deities are not just mythical figures, but real entities that can influence their fortunes and destinies. The practice of animism among the Kunama and other Nilotic language-speaking communities is deeply rooted in their cultural traditions and history. It is a way for them to connect with their ancestors, nature, and the spiritual realm. It serves as a source of guidance, protection, and healing for them in a world that is often filled with uncertainties and challenges. Despite the rise of Christianity and Islam in Ethiopia, these traditionalists continue to uphold their beliefs and practices. They see animism as an integral part of their identity and heritage, and are determined to preserve it for future generations. Their faith in the African deities gives them a sense of belonging and purpose, and helps them navigate the complexities of modern life while staying true to their roots.

The presence of Judaism in Ethiopia dates back centuries, with a strong connection to the ancient city of Gonder. The Jewish community in Ethiopia, often referred to as Beta Israel, has a rich and storied history that has been intertwined with Ethiopian culture for generations. In recent years, a significant number of Ethiopian Jews have immigrated to Israel, a movement that gained momentum between 1980 and 1992. This migration, often referred to as the Beta Israel migration, marked a significant chapter in the history of both Ethiopian Jews and the State of Israel. The decision of many Ethiopian Jews to leave their homeland and resettle in Israel was not made lightly, and was often driven by a desire to reconnect with their religious and cultural heritage in a country where they could freely practice their faith. The journey to Israel was fraught with challenges and obstacles, but ultimately represented a new beginning for many members of the Beta Israel community. The migration of Ethiopian Jews to Israel is a testament to the enduring resilience and faith of a community that has faced adversity and persecution throughout history. It is a reminder of the power of hope and the importance of preserving cultural and religious traditions in the face of adversity. The legacy of Beta Israel migration continues to shape the identity and cultural landscape of both Ethiopia and Israel to this day.