Brazil country overview
The land of Brazil
Geography, People, Culture, and Economic Profile
Brazil information index
Climate of Brazil
Brazil’s climate is predominantly humid tropical and subtropical, with the exception of a more arid region in the Northeast, often referred to as the drought quadrilateral or drought polygon. This area stretches from northern Bahia to the coastal region between Natal and São Luís and receives approximately 375–750 millimeters (15–30 inches) of rainfall annually. In contrast, the majority of the country typically receives between 1,000–1,800 millimeters (40–70 inches) of rain each year. Notably, the Amazon basin and the coastal slopes of the Serra do Mar experience significantly higher levels of precipitation.
The Brazilian Highlands, situated centrally, experience their peak rainfall during the summer season, spanning November to April. This period is characterized by intense, heavy rainfalls. Concurrently, the Northeast may face storms and floods, although weather patterns can also lead to extended periods of drought. These variable climatic conditions pose challenges for inhabitants of the sertão, the Northeast’s hinterlands, often prompting migration from the area. Summer temperatures across Brazil are relatively consistent, with January averages in the lowlands around 26 °C (79 °F), while the highlands are slightly cooler depending on altitude. The coast of Rio Grande do Sul is cooler as well, with an average of 23 °C (73 °F). The drought quadrilateral in the Northeast backlands is the warmest region, with average temperatures of 29 °C (84 °F) and peak daytime temperatures surpassing 38 °C (100 °F). However, the lower humidity in the Northeast makes the heat less oppressive compared to that of Rio de Janeiro.
During the winter months, from May to October, the Brazilian Highlands generally experience dry conditions, with snowfall being a rare occurrence limited to the southernmost states. Frost is common, and temperatures can drop to near freezing even as far north as São Paulo. Coastal regions up to Recife and westward to the Pantanal may encounter cool, rainy weather. Occasionally, cool air from the Paraguay lowlands can penetrate the western Amazon basin, reaching as far as the Guyana border. Despite this, winter temperatures in the Amazon lowlands remain similar to those in the summer. In the drought quadrilateral, temperatures decrease to about 26 °C (79 °F). Average temperatures in the Brazilian Highlands during winter are around 20 °C (68 °F) in central and northern areas, with cooler conditions towards the south. For instance, Curitiba, at an elevation of approximately 900 meters (3,000 feet), has average temperatures of 14 °C (57 °F) in June and July. Porto Alegre shares similar mean temperatures during these months, while Rio de Janeiro remains considerably warmer, averaging 23 °C (73 °F), influenced by the warm ocean currents that affect the entire Brazilian coast.
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